Managemental Strategies to Control Cotton Pests, A Comprehensive Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33866/phytopathol.036.02.1057Keywords:
Cotton, Pests, Management Practices, Chemical, Biological, Botanical.Abstract
Cotton is among one of the most important cash crops commonly cultivated worldwide but its production is prone to attacked by number of pests, including bollworms, whiteflies, aphids, and spider mites, which can cause significant damage to the crop and result in decreased yield and quality. Being an agricultural country, individuals of country depend upon agriculture to meet their food requirements and other needs. To increase the cultivation and production of this crop management strategies are required, there are various management practices including chemical, biological, and botanical. Biological management involves the use of natural or organic treatments, such as plant, microorganism, and mineral based treatments. This method is environmentally friendly and does not harm beneficial insects. Chemical management involves the use of synthetic pesticides, such as insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides. Although the overuse of these chemicals is leading to the development of resistance in pest populations, environmental pollution, and health hazards. Botanical management involves the use of plants and their derived compounds, which are biodegradable, and their use is generally considered safe for the environment and for non-target organisms. So, management of cotton pests involves a combination of chemical, biological, and botanical methods. A balanced approach to pest management that integrates these methods is necessary to ensure sustainable production and protection of the environment. The use of chemical methods to control any kind of pest and insect is becoming common nowadays, which is deteriorating our crops and soil as well. The yield and production of number crops is decreasing and the demand for their production is increasing progressively, which is very important to address. Usually, local farmers of the country are unaware of the toxic impact of using chemical-based materials to combat challenges of better production. Need of hour is to spread awareness regarding the better use of chemical and biological materials to combat these challenges so that associated issues could be addressed.References
Abbas, S. 2020. Climate change and cotton production: an empirical investigation of Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(23): 29580-29588.
Abdelgaleil, S.A., H.K. Abou-Taleb, N.M. Al-Nagar and M.S. Shawir. 2020. Antifeedant, growth regulatory and biochemical effects of terpenes and phenylpropenes on Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval. International journal of tropical insect science, 40: 423-433.
Ahmed, T. I., R.E. Khan, M.A. Soharwardi, M. N. Shafiq and S. Gillani. 2021. Socioeconomics and agronomy of wheat yield in cotton-wheat cropping system in Punjab, Pakistan: A quality-quantity assessment. International Journal of Agricultural Extension, 9(1): 69-78.
Ahmed, Z. and K. Ibade. 2021. The efficiency of salicylic acid with deltamethrin and flupyradifurone insecticides for the control of myzus persica (sulzer) on broccolI.
Ainane, A., F. Mohamed Abdoul-Latif, T. Mohamed Abdoul-Latif and T. Ainane. 2020. Evaluation of biological activities of two essential oils as a safe environmental bioinsecticides: case of Eucalyptus globulus and Rosmarinus officinalis. PrzeglądNaukowy. InżynieriaiKształtowanieŚrodowiska, 29(4):90.
Akbar, W., A. Gowda, J.E. Ahrens, J. W. Stelzer, R.S. Brown, S.L. Bollman, J.T. Greenplate, J. Gore, A. L. Catchot and G. Lorenz. 2019. First transgenic trait for control of plant bugs and thrips in cotton. Pest management science, 75(3):867-877.
Ali, M. A., J. Farooq, A. Batool, A. Zahoor, F. Azeem, A. Mahmood and K. Jabran. 2019. Cotton production in Pakistan. Cotton production, 249-276.
Amadou, L., M. N. Ba, I. Baoua and R. Muniappan. 2019. Timing of releases of the parasitoid Habrobraconhebetor and numbers needed in augmentative biological control against the millet head miner Heliocheilusalbipunctella. BioControl, 64: 573-581.
Archana, K., S. M. Kaur, V. Pashupat, A.Javed and P. Dharmender. 2020. Role of 2, 6 Dichloroisonicotinic acid inducing resistance in cotton against cotton leaf curl disease. Research Journal of Biotechnology 15(5).
Arshad, Z., M.A. Hanif, R. W. K. Qadri, M. Khan, A. Babarinde, G. Omisore, J.Babalola, S. Syed, Z.Mahmood, and M. Riaz. 2014. Role of essential oils in plant diseases protection: a review. International Journal of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, 6:11-17.
Asif, R., S. Muzammil, R. Yasmin, H. Ahmad and A. Ambreen. 2023. Isolation and characterization of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectumcausative agent of cotton wilt disease in Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology, 35(1): 103-110.
Asimakis, E., A.A. Shehata, W. Eisenreich, F. Acheuk, S. Lasram, S. Basiouni, M. Emekci, S. Ntougias, G. Taner and H. May-Simera. 2022. Algae and their metabolites as potential bio-pesticides. Microorganisms, 10(2): 307.
Atiq, M., M.Z. Talib, N.A. Rajput, S.T. Sahi, M.A. Khan, M. Usman, A. Jabar, M.J. Arif, M.D. Gogi, M.A. Khan and A. Akram. 2023. Newfangled tactics towards cotton leaf curl virus disease A review. Journal of Natural Fibers, 20(2): 2217364.
Bamisile, B. S., K. S. Akutse, J. E. Siddiqui and Y. Xu. 2021. Model application of entomopathogenic fungi as alternatives to chemical pesticides: Prospects, challenges, and insights for next-generation sustainable agriculture. Frontiers in plant science, 12,741-804.
Basaid, K., B. Chebli, E. H. Mayad, J. N. Furze, R. Bouharroud, F. Krier, M. Barakate and T. Paulitz. 2021. Biological activities of essential oils and lipopeptides applied to control plant pests and diseases: A review. International Journal of Pest Management, 67(2):155-177.
Boncan, D.A.T., Tsang, S.S., Li, C., Lee, I.H., Lam, H.M., Chan, T.F. and Hui, J.H., 2020. Terpenes and terpenoids in plants: Interactions with environment and insects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(19): 7382.
Bordini, I., P. C. Ellsworth, S. E. Naranjo and A. Fournier. 2021. Novel insecticides and generalist predators support conservation biological control in cotton. Biological Control, 154:104-502.
Brügger, B. P., L.C. Martínez, A. Plata-Rueda, B. M. d. C. E. Castro, M. A. Soares, C. F. Wilcken, A. G. Carvalho, J. E. Serrão and J.C. Zanuncio. 2019. Bioactivity of the Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae) essential oil and its terpenoid constituents on the predatory bug, Podisusnigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Scientific reports, 9(1):83-58.
Burana, K., R. U. Ehlers and P. Nimkingrat. 2022. Entomopathogenic nematodes for control of the cotton cutworm Spodoptera litura in marigolds. Journal of Applied Entomology, 146(4):415-423.
Chang, Y., P.F. Harmon, D.D. Treadwell, D. Carrillo, A.Sarkhosh and J.K. Brecht. 2022. Biocontrol potential of essential oils in organic horticulture systems: From farm to fork. Frontiers in Nutrition, 8:805138.
Chapman A.J. and, C.M. Ignoffo. 1972. Influence of rate and spray volume of a nucleopolyhedrosis virus on control of Heliothis in cotton. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 1972. 20(2):183-186.
Chen, A., H. Zhang, T. Shan, X. Shi and X. Gao. 2020. The overexpression of three cytochrome P450 genes CYP6CY14, CYP6CY22 and CYP6UN1 contributed to metabolic resistance to dinotefuran in melon/cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover. Pesticide biochemistry and physiology, 167: 104-601.
CHI, B.-j., D. M. ZHANG and H. Z. DONG. 2021. Control of cotton pests and diseases by intercropping: a review. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(12): 3089-3100.
Choi, M.-Y. and R. K. Vander Meer. 2019. Phenotypic effects of PBAN RNAi using oral delivery of dsRNA to corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and tobacco budworm larvae. Journal of Economic Entomology, 112(1): 434-439.
Choudhary, R. C., S. Kumari, R. Kumaraswamy, G. Sharma, A. Kumar, S. Budhwar, A. Pal, R.Raliya, P. Biswas and V. Saharan. 2019. Chitosan nanomaterials for smart delivery of bioactive compounds in agriculture. In Nanoscale engineering in agricultural management, 124-139.
Conti, E., G. Avila, B. Barratt, F. Cingolani, S. Colazza, S. Guarino, K.Hoelmer, R. A. Laumann, L.Maistrello and G. Martel. 2021. Biological control of invasive stink bugs: review of global state and future prospects. EntomologiaExperimentalis et Applicata, 169(1): 28-51.
Dar, S. A., S. S. Mahdi, F. M. A. Al Galil, S. H. Mir, R. Jan and R. M. S. Sultan. 2022. Role of Botanicals in Integrated Pest Management for Sustained Crop Production. In Secondary Agriculture: Sustainability and Livelihood in India, 147-168). Springer.
Dassanayake, M. K., C. H. Chong, T. J. Khoo, A. Figiel, A. Szumny and C. M. Choo. 2021. Synergistic field crop pest management properties of plant-derived essential oils in combination with synthetic pesticides and bioactive molecules: A review. Foods, 10(9): 2016.
DDeka, B., C. Baruah and A. Babu. 2021. Entomopathogenic microorganisms: their role in insect pest management. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 31,1-8.
De Mastro, G., J. El Mahdi and C. Ruta. 2021. Bioherbicidal potential of the essential oils from Mediterranean Lamiaceae for weed control in organic farming. Plants, 10(4):818.
De Moura, S. M., E. O. Freitas, T. P.Ribeiro, B. Paes-de-Melo, F. B. Arraes, L. L. P. Macedo, J. F.Paixão, I. T.Lourenço-Tessutti, S. Artico and D. da Cunha Valença. 2022. Discovery and functional characterization of novel cotton promoters with potential application to pest control. Plant Cell Reports, 41(7): 1589-1601.
De Souza Alves, M., I. M. Campos, D. d. M. C. de Brito, C. M. Cardoso, E. G. Pontes and M. A. A. de Souza. 2019. Efficacy of lemongrass essential oil and citral in controlling Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a post-harvest cowpea insect pest. Crop Protection, 119: 191-196.
Elango, D., V.Manikandan, P. Jayanthi, P. Velmurugan, B. Balamuralikrishnan, A. V. Ravi and M. S. Shivakumar, M. S. 2020. Selection and characterization of extracellular enzyme production by an endophytic fungi Aspergillus sojae and its bio-efficacy analysis against cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera litura. Current plant biology, 23, 100153.
El-Aswad, A. F., J. Aisu and M. H. Khalifa. 2022. Biological activity of tannins extracts from processed Camellia sinensis (black and green tea), Vicia faba and Urtica dioica and Allium cepa essential oil on three economic insects. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 1-14.
Fan, Z., L. Di, X. Zhang and H. Wang. 2019. A surface dielectric barrier discharge plasma for preparing cotton-fabric-supported silver nanoparticles. Nanomaterials, 9(7): 961.
Gad, M., S. Aref, A.Abdelhamid, M. Elwassimy and S. Abdel-Raheem. 2021. Biologically active organic compounds as insect growth regulators (IGRs): introduction, mode of action, and some synthetic methods. Current Chemistry Letters, 10(4): 393-412.
Ghazanfar, M. U., S. Hagenbucher, J.Romeis, G. Grabenweger and M. Meissle. 2020. Fluctuating temperatures influence the susceptibility of pest insects to biological control agents. Journal of pest science, 93: 1007-1018.
Gutiérrez-Moreno, R., D. Mota-Sanchez, C. A. Blanco, M. E. Whalon, H. Terán-Santofimio, J. C. Rodriguez-Maciel and C. DiFonzo. 2019. Field-evolved resistance of the fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to synthetic insecticides in Puerto Rico and Mexico. Journal of economic entomology, 112(2): 792-802.
Hafeez, M., F. Ullah, M. M. Khan, X. Li, Z. Zhang, S. Shah, M.Imran, M. A. Assiri, G. M. Fernández-Grandon and N. Desneux. 2021. Metabolic-based insecticide resistance mechanism and ecofriendly approaches for controlling of beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-17.
Hamid, A., 2000. Insecticidal efficiency of some natural products and biocides on cotton sucking pests and their associated natural enemies. Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology, 25(6): 3661-3675.
Harrison, R. D., C. Thierfelder, F. Baudron, P. Chinwada, C. Midega, U. Schaffner and J. van den Berg. 2019. Agro-ecological options for fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda JE Smith) management: Providing low-cost, smallholder friendly solutions to an invasive pest. Journal of Environmental Management, 243, 318-330.
Hikal, W. M., R. S. Baeshen and H. A. Said-Al Ahl. 2017. Botanical insecticide as simple extractives for pest control. Cogent Biology, 3(1), 1404274.
Hu, Z., X.Zhong, H. Zhang, X. Luo, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, T. Liu, Y. Zhang, X. Wang and H. An. 2022. GhMYB18 confers Aphis gossypii Glover resistance through regulating the synthesis of salicylic acid and flavonoids in cotton plants. Plant Cell Reports, 1-15.
Huang, A. C. and A. Osbourn. 2019. Plant terpenes that mediate below‐ground interactions: prospects for bioengineering terpenoids for plant protection. Pest management science, 75(9): 2368-2377.
Iuliano, B. and C. Gratton. 2020. Temporal resource (dis) continuity for conservation biological control: from field to landscape scales. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 4, 127.
Jakubowska, M., R. Dobosz, D. Zawada and J. Kowalska. 2022. A review of crop protection methods against the twospotted spider mite—Tetranychusurticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)—with special reference to alternative methods. Agriculture, 12(7), 898.
Jing, W.A.N., C. Huang, C. Y. Li, H. X. Zhou, Y. L. Ren, Z. Y. Li, L. S. Xing, B. Zhang, Q.I.A.O. Xi, L. I. U. Bo and C. H. Liu. 2021. Biology, invasion and management of the agricultural invader: Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(3): 646-663.
Kala, S., N. Sogan, S. Naik, A. Agarwal and J. Kumar. 2020. Impregnation of pectin-cedarwood essential oil nanocapsules onto mini cotton bag improves larvicidal performances. Scientific reports, 10(1): 14107.
Khalid, I., M. Mohsin, M. Abubakar, S. A. Shad and M. Binyameen. 2023. Polygenic and autosomally inherited dimethoate resistance in Amrascabiguttulabiguttula with no cross-resistance to bifenthrin, imidacloprid, and chlorfenapyr. Crop Protection, 163:106099
Khalid, I., M. Mohsin, M. Abubakar, S.A. Shad and M. Binyameen. 2023. Polygenic and autosomally inherited dimethoate resistance in Amrascabiguttulabiguttula with no cross-resistance to bifenthrin, imidacloprid, and chlorfenapyr. Crop Protection, 163:106099.
Khan, M. and C. A. Damalas. 2015. Farmers' knowledge about common pests and pesticide safety in conventional cotton production in Pakistan. Crop Protection, 77, 45-51.
Khozhievich, T. S. and G. F. Amrilloevna. 2022. Influence of Damage of the Winter Cutworm on the Yield of Cotton. Texas Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 9, 34-37.
Kiyota, H., 2020. Synthetic studies of biologically active natural products contributing to pesticide development. Journal of Pesticide Science, 45(3): 177-183.
Knyshov, A., S. Hoang and C. Weirauch. 2021. Pretrained convolutional neural networks perform well in a challenging test case: Identification of plant bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae) using a small number of training images. Insect Systematics and Diversity, 5(2): 3.
Kranthi, K.R., S.S. Ali and S.K. Banerjee. 2000. Baseline toxicity of spinosad on the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpaarmigera (Hub.), in India.
Krob, J. L., S. D. Stewart, S. A. Brown, D. Kerns, S. H. Graham, C. Perkins, A. S. Huseth, G. G. Kennedy, D. D. Reisig and S. V. Taylor. 2022. Standardized Field Trials in Cotton and Bioassays to Evaluate Resistance of Tobacco Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to Insecticides in the Southern United States. Journal of Economic Entomology, 115(5): 1693-1702.
Kumar, J., A. Ramlal, D. Mallick and V. Mishra. 2021. An overview of some biopesticides and their importance in plant protection for commercial acceptance. Plants, 10(6): 1185.
Lengai, G. M., J. W. Muthomi and E. R. Mbega. 2020. Phytochemical activity and role of botanical pesticides in pest management for sustainable agricultural crop production. Scientific African, 7: 239.
Li, Y., and J. Yang. 2020. Few-shot cotton pest recognition and terminal realization. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 169: 105240.
Liang, W., J. Zhang, F.R. Wurm, R. Wang, J. Cheng, Z. Xie, X.Li and J. Zhao. 2022. Lignin-based non-crosslinked nanocarriers: A promising delivery system of pesticide for development of sustainable agriculture. International journal of biological macromolecules, 220:472-481.
Lucia, A., and E. Guzmán. 2021. Emulsions containing essential oils, their components or volatile semiochemicals as promising tools for insect pest and pathogen management. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 287, 102330.
Ma, K., Q. Tang, J. Xia, N. Lv and X. Gao. 2019. Fitness costs of sulfoxaflor resistance in the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover. Pesticide biochemistry and physiology, 158: 40-46.
Madadi, E., S. Fallah, A. Sadeghpour and H. Barani-Beiranvand. 2022. Exploring the use of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) bioactive compounds to control flixweed (Descurainiasophia L.) in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Implication for reducing chemical herbicide pollution. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences,29(11): 103421.
Mahmood, T., X. Wang, S. Ahmar, M. Abdullah, M. S. Iqbal, R. M. Rana, M. Yasir, S. Khalid, T. Javed and F. Mora-Poblete. 2021. Genetic potential and inheritance pattern of phenological growth and drought tolerance in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Frontiers in plant science, 12: 705392.
Maione, F., C. Cicala, G. Musciacco, V. De Feo, A.G.Amat, A. Ialenti and N. Mascolo .2013. Phenols, alkaloids and terpenes from medicinal plants with antihypertensive and vasorelaxant activities. A review of natural products as leads to potential therapeutic agents. Natural Product Communications, 8(4); 1-15.
Majeed, O. S., 2023. The Effect of the Crude Terpenoids Compounds of Melia Azedrach Leaves and Fruits on Some Biological Aspects of Whitefly Bemisiatabaci. Ibn AL-Haitham Journal for Pure and Applied Sciences, 36(1): 59-73.
Maji, D., S. Singh and A. Awasthi. 2023. Endophytes and Their Role in Managing Degraded Land and Enhancing Food, Fodder, Fuel and Fibre Production. In Microbial Based Land Restoration Handbook, 2, 93-112. CRC Press.
Malinga, L.N. and M.D. Laing. 2022. Efficacy of biopesticides in the management of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpaarmigera (Noctuidae), under field conditions. Insects, 13(8): 673.
Memon, Q. U. A., S.A. Wagan, D. Chunyu, X. Shuangxi, L. Jingdong, C. A. Damalas. 2019. Health problems from pesticide exposure and personal protective measures among women cotton workers in southern Pakistan. Science of the Total Environment, 685:659-666.
Moreno-Gavíra, A., V. Huertas, F. Diánez, B. Sánchez-Montesinos and M. Santos. 2020. Paecilomyces and its importance in the biological control of agricultural pests and diseases. Plants, 9(12): 1746.
Muhammad Habib-ur-Rahman, M.H.U.R., A.A. Ashfaq Ahmad, W.X. Wang XueChun, A.W. Aftab Wajid, W.N. Wajid Nasim, M.H. Manzoor Hussain, B.A. Burhan Ahmad, I.A. Ishfaq Ahmad, Z.A. Zulfiqar Ali, W.I. Wajid Ishaque and M.A. Muhammad Awais. 2018. Multi-model projections of future climate and climate change impacts uncertainty assessment for cotton production in Pakistan.
Ngegba, P. M., G. Cui, M. Z. Khalid and G. Zhong. 2022. Use of botanical pesticides in agriculture as an alternative to synthetic pesticides. Agriculture, 12(5): 600.
Nisar, A., 2022. Medicinal plants and phenolic compounds. Phenolic Compounds: Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications, 131.
Ntalli, N. G., M. Spochacz and Z, Adamski. 2022. The role of botanical treatments used in apiculture to control arthropod pests. Apidologie, 53(2): 27.
Oguh, C., C. Okpaka, C. Ubani, U. Okekeaji, P. Joseph and E. Amadi. 2019. Natural pesticides (biopesticides) and uses in pest management-a critical review. Asian Journal of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, 2(3),1-18.
Osakabe, M., 2021. Biological impact of Ultraviolet-B radiation on spider mites and its application in integrated pest management. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 56(2): 139-155.
Parihar, R. D., D. Singh, V. Verma, S. K. Sohal, A. K. Kesavan and P. Ohri. 2019. Biocontrol potential of Distolabrellusveechi isolate KPI (Nemata: Rhabditida) against cotton cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Indian Journal of Nematology, 49(1): 71-82.
Pérez‐Hedo, M., C. Riahi and A. Urbaneja. 2021. Use of zoophytophagous mirid bugs in horticultural crops: current challenges and future perspectives. Pest management science, 77(1): 33-42.
Puri, S., S. Singh and S. K. Sohal. 2022. Oviposition behaviour and biochemical response of an insect pest, Zeugodacuscucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) to plant phenolic compound phloroglucinol. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 255, 109291.
Rashwan, R. S. and D. M. Hammad. 2020. Toxic effect of Spirulina platensis and Sargassum vulgar as natural pesticides on survival and biological characteristics of cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis. Scientific African, 8, e00323.
Razaq, M., R. Mensah and H. U. R. Athar. 2019. Insect pest management in cotton. Cotton production, 85-107.
Riat, A. K., 2019. Consequences of phytochemicals on the system of various pest: a review. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 12(9): 4595-4598.
Rind, M.M., S. Sayed, H.A. Sahito,K. H. Rind,N.A. Rind, A.H. Shar, H. Ullah,P. Ondrisik, J.I. Porhajosova, G.U.O.Zihu and M. Shahen. 2021. Effects of seasonal variation on the biology and morphology of the dusky cotton bug, Oxcarenuslaetus (Kirby). Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(6): 3186-3192.
Romeis, J., S. E. Naranjo, M. Meissle and A. M. Shelton. 2019. Genetically engineered crops help support conservation biological control. Biological Control, 130, 136-154.
Sadaf, T., R. Kousar, Z. Mohy Ul Din, Q. Abbas, M. S. A. Makhdum and J. Nasir. 2022. Cotton production for the sustainable livelihoods in Punjab Pakistan: a case study of district Muzaffargarh. International Journal of Ethics and Systems, 38(2): 191-208.
Saeed, Q., F. Ahmed, N. Iqbal and S. M. Zaka. 2019. Chemical control of polyphagous pests on their auxiliary hosts can minimize insecticide resistance: A case study of Spodoptera exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in cotton agroecosystem. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 171, 721-727.
Samada, L. H. and U. S. F. Tambunan. 2020. Biopesticides as promising alternatives to chemical pesticides: A review of their current and future status. Online J. Biol. Sci, 20, 66-76.
Sandroni, M., E. Liljeroth, T. Mulugeta and E. Alexandersson. 2020. Plant resistance inducers (PRIs): perspectives for future disease management in the field. CABI Reviews (2020), 1-10.
Sattar, M. N., A. Kvarnheden, M. Saeed, R. W.Briddon. 2013. Cotton leaf curl disease–an emerging threat to cotton production worldwide. Journal of General Virology, 94(4): 695-710.
Sequeira, R. V., M. Khan and D. J. Reid. 2020. Chemical control of the mealybug Phenacoccussolenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Australian cotton: glasshouse assessments of insecticide efficacy. Austral Entomology, 59(2): 375-385.
Shabbir, M. S. and N. Yaqoob. 2019. The impact of technological advancement on total factor productivity of cotton: a comparative analysis between Pakistan and India. Journal of Economic Structures, 8(1): 1-16.
Shahbaz, U., X. Yu and M. A. Naeem. 2019. Role of Pakistan government institutions in adoption of Bt cotton and benefits associated with adoption. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 29(2): 1-11.
Shaily T., K. Kesiraju, M. Saakre, M. Rathinam, V. Raman, D. Pattanayak, and R. Sreevathsa. 2020. Genome Editing for Resistance to Insect Pests: An Emerging Tool for Crop Improvement. ACS Omega, 5 (33): 20674–20683.
Sharif, I., S. Aleem, J. Farooq, M. Rizwan, A. Younas, G. Sarwar and S. M. Chohan. 2019. Salinity stress in cotton: effects, mechanism of tolerance and its management strategies. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 25(4): 807-820.
Shields, M. W., A. C. Johnson, S. Pandey, R. Cullen, M. González-Chang, S. D. Wratten and G. M. Gurr. 2019. History, current situation and challenges for conservation biological control. Biological Control, 131, 25-35.
Singh, S., A. Singh,S. Kumar,P. Mittal and I.K. Singh. 2018. Protease inhibitors: recent advancement in its usage as a potential bio-control agent for insect pest management. Insect Science, 27(2):185-389.
Sosa‐Gómez, D. R., B. S. Corrêa‐Ferreira, B. Kraemer, A. Pasini, P. E. Husch, C. E. Delfino Vieira, C. B. Reis Martinez and I. O. Negrao Lopes. 2020. Prevalence, damage, management and insecticide resistance of stink bug populations (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in commodity crops. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 22(2): 99-118.
Sousa, R. M. O., A. C. Cunha and M. Fernandes-Ferreira. 2021. The potential of Apiaceae species as sources of singular phytochemicals and plant-based pesticides. Phytochemistry, 187, 112714.
Sun, S., C. Li, P. W. Chee, A. H. Paterson, Y. Jiang, R. Xu, J. S. Robertson, J. Adhikari and T. Shehzad. 2020. Three-dimensional photogrammetric mapping of cotton bolls in situ based on point cloud segmentation and clustering. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 160, 195-207.
Taroncher, M., P. Vila-Donat, J. Tolosa, M. J. Ruiz and Y. Rodríguez-Carrasco. 2021. Biological activity and toxicity of plant nutraceuticals: An overview. Current Opinion in Food Science, 42: 113-118.
Tlak Gajger, I. andS. A. Dar. 2021. Plant allelochemicals as sources of insecticides. Insects, 12(3): 189.
Ütebay, B., P. Çelik and A. Çay. 2019. Effects of cotton textile waste properties on recycled fibre quality. Journal of Cleaner Production, 222, 29-35.
Viteri, D. M., L. Sarmiento, A. M. Linares. and I. Cabrera. 2019. Efficacy of biological control agents, synthetic insecticides, and their combinations to control tobacco budworm [Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)] in pigeon pea. Crop Protection, 122, 175-179.
Wang, Z., Z. Yang and F. Li. 2019. Updates on molecular mechanisms in the development of branched trichome in Arabidopsis and nonbranched in cotton. Plant biotechnology journal, 17(9): 1706-1722.
Wei, W., Z. Mushtaq, A. Ikram, M. Faisal, Z. Wan-Li and M. I. Ahmed. 2020. Estimating the economic viability of cotton growers in Punjab Province, Pakistan. Sage Open, 10(2), 2158244020929310.
Wintermantel, W. M., 2022. Disease Problems in Vegetable and Fruit Crops Resulting from GHWF-transmitted Criniviruses. Phytopathology News.
Yadav, R., S. Singh, A. N. Singh. 2022. Biopesticides: Current status and future prospects. Proc. Int. Acad. Ecol. Enviromental Sci, 12, 211-233.
Yang, Z., J. Wang, Y. Huang, S. Wang, S., Wei, L., Liu, D., Weng, Y., Xiang, J., Zhu, Q., & Yang, Z. (2023). CottonMD: a multi-omics database for cotton biological study. Nucleic Acids Research, 51(D1), D1446-D1456.
Zhang, D.X., R. Wang, C. Ren, Y. Wang, B.X. Li, W. Mu, F. Liu and Y. Hou. 2022. One-step construct responsive lignin/polysaccharide/Fe nano loading system driven by digestive enzymes of lepidopteran for precise delivery of pesticides. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 14(36): 41337-41347.
Zhou, J., D. T. Johnson and I. E. Tzanetakis. 2020. Assessing soybean genotypes for feeding damage by Neohydatothrips variabilis (Thysanoptera: thripidae). Crop Protection, 128, 104983.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Submission of a manuscript infers that the work described has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, or thesis). It is also not under consideration for publication elsewhere.
All works published by Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology is freely available to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt the work provided the original work and source is appropriately cited.
